Based on daily temperature data from 122 national meteorological stations in Shandong Province from 1961 to 2018, three extreme low temperature indices were calculated, and it was found that the occurrence frequency of extremely low temperature events defined by the scale of drop in daily minimum temperature in 24 hours could better reflect the characteristics of extremely low temperature in spring in Shandong. And on this basis, ERA-Interim monthly reanalysis data and Hadley sea surface temperature data were used to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of occurrence frequency of extremely low temperature events in spring in Shandong and the anomalous characteristics of atmospheric circulation. The results are as follows: (1) The occurrence frequency of extremely low temperature events had multi-time scale variation characteristics in spring in Shandong. (2) The obvious wave train structure on 500 hPa geopotential height field was existed in mid-high latitudes in the typical extreme low temperature years in spring in Shandong. (3) The North Atlantic Ocean to the south of Greenland was a key area for vertical wave flux transmission. In this key area, the energy in the lower layer transmitted upward, and dispersed outward in the upper layer, which was beneficial to the maintenance and enhancement of the extremely low temperature in spring in Shandong. (4) The triple pole mode of sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic in the preceding winter had a significant positive correlation with the occurrence frequency of extremely low temperature events in spring in Shandong. The triple pole mode of sea surface temperature excited the Eurasian wave, which led to the deepening and strengthening of 500 hPa trough over the Lake Baikal area. Due to the influence of cold air behind the trough, the extremely low temperature events occurred frequently in spring in Shandong.